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241 lines
11 KiB
241 lines
11 KiB
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
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<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
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"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd" [
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<!ENTITY % aptent SYSTEM "apt.ent">
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%aptent;
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]>
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<refentry>
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<refentryinfo>
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&apt-author.jgunthorpe;
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&apt-author.team;
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&apt-email;
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&apt-product;
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<!-- The last update date -->
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<date>29 February 2004</date>
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</refentryinfo>
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<refmeta>
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<refentrytitle>sources.list</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
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<refmiscinfo class="manual">APT</refmiscinfo>
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</refmeta>
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<!-- Man page title -->
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<refnamediv>
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<refname>sources.list</refname>
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<refpurpose>Package resource list for APT</refpurpose>
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</refnamediv>
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<refsect1><title>Description</title>
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<para>The package resource list is used to locate archives of the package
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distribution system in use on the system. At this time, this manual page
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documents only the packaging system used by the Debian GNU/Linux system.
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This control file is <filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename>.</para>
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<para>The source list is designed to support any number of active sources and a
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variety of source media. The file lists one source per line, with the
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most preferred source listed first. The format of each line is:
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<literal>type uri args</literal> The first item, <literal>type</literal>
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determines the format for <literal>args</literal>. <literal>uri</literal> is
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a Universal Resource Identifier
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(URI), which is a superset of the more specific and well-known Universal
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Resource Locator, or URL. The rest of the line can be marked as a comment
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by using a #.</para>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1><title>sources.list.d</title>
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<para>The <filename>/etc/apt/sources.list.d</filename> directory provides
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a way to add sources.list entries in separate files.
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The format is the same as for the regular <filename>sources.list</filename> file.
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File names need to end with
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<filename>.list</filename> and may only contain letters (a-z and A-Z),
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digits (0-9), underscore (_), hyphen (-) and period (.) characters.
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Otherwise they will be silently ignored.</para>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1><title>The deb and deb-src types</title>
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<para>The <literal>deb</literal> type describes a typical two-level Debian
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archive, <filename>distribution/component</filename>. Typically,
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<literal>distribution</literal> is generally one of
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<literal>stable</literal> <literal>unstable</literal> or
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<literal>testing</literal> while component is one of <literal>main</literal>
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<literal>contrib</literal> <literal>non-free</literal> or
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<literal>non-us</literal>. The
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<literal>deb-src</literal> type describes a debian distribution's source
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code in the same form as the <literal>deb</literal> type.
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A <literal>deb-src</literal> line is required to fetch source indexes.</para>
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<para>The format for a <filename>sources.list</filename> entry using the
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<literal>deb</literal> and <literal>deb-src</literal> types is:</para>
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<literallayout>deb uri distribution [component1] [component2] [...]</literallayout>
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<para>The URI for the <literal>deb</literal> type must specify the base of the
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Debian distribution, from which APT will find the information it needs.
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<literal>distribution</literal> can specify an exact path, in which case the
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components must be omitted and <literal>distribution</literal> must end with
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a slash (/). This is useful for when the case only a particular sub-section of the
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archive denoted by the URI is of interest.
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If <literal>distribution</literal> does not specify an exact path, at least
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one <literal>component</literal> must be present.</para>
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<para><literal>distribution</literal> may also contain a variable,
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<literal>$(ARCH)</literal>
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which expands to the Debian architecture (i386, m68k, powerpc, ...)
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used on the system. This permits architecture-independent
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<filename>sources.list</filename> files to be used. In general this is only
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of interest when specifying an exact path, <literal>APT</literal> will
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automatically generate a URI with the current architecture otherwise.</para>
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<para>Since only one distribution can be specified per line it may be necessary
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to have multiple lines for the same URI, if a subset of all available
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distributions or components at that location is desired.
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APT will sort the URI list after it has generated a complete set
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internally, and will collapse multiple references to the same Internet
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host, for instance, into a single connection, so that it does not
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inefficiently establish an FTP connection, close it, do something else,
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and then re-establish a connection to that same host. This feature is
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useful for accessing busy FTP sites with limits on the number of
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simultaneous anonymous users. APT also parallelizes connections to
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different hosts to more effectively deal with sites with low bandwidth.</para>
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<para>It is important to list sources in order of preference, with the most
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preferred source listed first. Typically this will result in sorting
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by speed from fastest to slowest (CD-ROM followed by hosts on a local
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network, followed by distant Internet hosts, for example).</para>
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<para>Some examples:</para>
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<literallayout>
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deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free
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deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian dists/stable-updates/
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</literallayout>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1><title>URI specification</title>
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<para>The currently recognized URI types are cdrom, file, http, ftp, copy,
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ssh, rsh.
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry><term>file</term>
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<listitem><para>
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The file scheme allows an arbitrary directory in the file system to be
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considered an archive. This is useful for NFS mounts and local mirrors or
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archives.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry><term>cdrom</term>
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<listitem><para>
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The cdrom scheme allows APT to use a local CDROM drive with media
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swapping. Use the &apt-cdrom; program to create cdrom entries in the
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source list.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry><term>http</term>
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<listitem><para>
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The http scheme specifies an HTTP server for the archive. If an environment
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variable <envar>http_proxy</envar> is set with the format
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http://server:port/, the proxy server specified in
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<envar>http_proxy</envar> will be used. Users of authenticated
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HTTP/1.1 proxies may use a string of the format
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http://user:pass@server:port/.
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Note that this is an insecure method of authentication.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry><term>ftp</term>
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<listitem><para>
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The ftp scheme specifies an FTP server for the archive. APT's FTP behavior
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is highly configurable; for more information see the
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&apt-conf; manual page. Please note that a ftp proxy can be specified
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by using the <envar>ftp_proxy</envar> environment variable. It is possible
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to specify a http proxy (http proxy servers often understand ftp urls)
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using this method and ONLY this method. ftp proxies using http specified in
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the configuration file will be ignored.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry><term>copy</term>
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<listitem><para>
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The copy scheme is identical to the file scheme except that packages are
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copied into the cache directory instead of used directly at their location.
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This is useful for people using a zip disk to copy files around with APT.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry><term>rsh</term><term>ssh</term>
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<listitem><para>
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The rsh/ssh method invokes rsh/ssh to connect to a remote host
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as a given user and access the files. It is a good idea to do prior
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arrangements with RSA keys or rhosts.
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Access to files on the remote uses standard <command>find</command> and
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<command>dd</command>
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commands to perform the file transfers from the remote.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry><term>more recongnizable URI types</term>
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<listitem><para>
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APT can be extended with more methods shipped in other optional packages which should
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follow the nameing scheme <literal>apt-transport-<replaceable>method</replaceable></literal>.
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The APT team e.g. maintain also the <literal>apt-transport-https</literal> package which
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provides access methods for https-URIs with features similiar to the http method, but other
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methods for using e.g. debtorrent are also available, see <citerefentry>
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<refentrytitle><filename>apt-transport-debtorrent</filename></refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
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</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</variablelist>
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</para>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1><title>Examples</title>
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<para>Uses the archive stored locally (or NFS mounted) at /home/jason/debian
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for stable/main, stable/contrib, and stable/non-free.</para>
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<literallayout>deb file:/home/jason/debian stable main contrib non-free</literallayout>
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<para>As above, except this uses the unstable (development) distribution.</para>
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<literallayout>deb file:/home/jason/debian unstable main contrib non-free</literallayout>
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<para>Source line for the above</para>
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<literallayout>deb-src file:/home/jason/debian unstable main contrib non-free</literallayout>
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<para>Uses HTTP to access the archive at archive.debian.org, and uses only
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the hamm/main area.</para>
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<literallayout>deb http://archive.debian.org/debian-archive hamm main</literallayout>
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<para>Uses FTP to access the archive at ftp.debian.org, under the debian
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directory, and uses only the stable/contrib area.</para>
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<literallayout>deb ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian stable contrib</literallayout>
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<para>Uses FTP to access the archive at ftp.debian.org, under the debian
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directory, and uses only the unstable/contrib area. If this line appears as
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well as the one in the previous example in <filename>sources.list</filename>
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a single FTP session will be used for both resource lines.</para>
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<literallayout>deb ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian unstable contrib</literallayout>
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<para>Uses HTTP to access the archive at nonus.debian.org, under the
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debian-non-US directory.</para>
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<literallayout>deb http://nonus.debian.org/debian-non-US stable/non-US main contrib non-free</literallayout>
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<para>Uses HTTP to access the archive at nonus.debian.org, under the
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debian-non-US directory, and uses only files found under
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<filename>unstable/binary-i386</filename> on i386 machines,
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<filename>unstable/binary-m68k</filename> on m68k, and so
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forth for other supported architectures. [Note this example only
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illustrates how to use the substitution variable; non-us is no longer
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structured like this]
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<literallayout>deb http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian-non-US unstable/binary-$(ARCH)/</literallayout>
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</para>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1><title>See Also</title>
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<para>&apt-cache; &apt-conf;
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</para>
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</refsect1>
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&manbugs;
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</refentry>
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